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 SAN FRANCISCO — In the early hours of Friday morning, the intruder entered through a back door of the stately home in San Francisco’s upscale Pacific Heights neighborhood, yelling, “Where is Nancy?”

Nancy Pelosi, the House speaker, was thousands of miles away in Washington, D.C., protected by her security detail, but her husband, 82-year-old Paul Pelosi, was home. By the time police officers arrived after being dispatched at 2:27 a.m., they found the assailant and Mr. Pelosi wrestling for control of a hammer. The intruder then pulled the hammer away and “violently attacked” Mr. Pelosi with it in front of the officers, said William Scott, San Francisco’s chief of police.

As leaders from across the political spectrum rushed to condemn the attack, Mr. Pelosi underwent surgery to repair a skull fracture and other injuries. He remained in a San Francisco hospital on Friday afternoon and was expected to make a full recovery, according to Speaker Pelosi’s office.

While the police said they were still investigating the motive and were questioning a suspect they had in custody, the incident heightened fears of political violence less than two weeks before the midterm elections. The assault came as threats and violence against political figures have surged in America, especially after the Jan. 6, 2021, attack on the Capitol, which brought the Democratic speaker, other lawmakers and the Republican vice president within feet of rioters threatening their lives.

“This was not a random act,” Chief Scott said. “This was intentional.”

The police identified the attacker as 42-year-old David DePape, and Chief Scott said the man would be charged with attempted homicide, assault with a deadly weapon, elder abuse, burglary and “several other additional felonies.” The suspect remained in the hospital as of Friday evening with undisclosed injuries.

Brooke Jenkins, the San Francisco district attorney, said the authorities were looking into whether blog posts by someone using the same name as the suspect that contain hateful comments were linked to him and might speak to his motive. In an interview, she said that she was aware of the social media and blog posts that were circulating and that the authorities were investigating everything.

Two blogs written by a user who called himself “daviddepape” contain an array of angry and paranoid postings, including antisemitic sentiments and concerns about pedophilia, anti-white racism and “elite” control of the internet. Law enforcement authorities, including Ms. Jenkins, have not said whether the blogs — or a Facebook page bearing the same name — were written by the same Mr. DePape who is accused of assaulting Mr. Pelosi.

Members of both parties have faced stalking, armed visits to their homes, vandalism and assaults. Ms. Pelosi, as speaker, is well protected by a security detail, but family members of congressional leaders do not receive protection on their own.